Beginning of universe and Concept of God -The Division Earth Time

Division of Earth time-

Name of the division	Duration in Human year	Remarks
Truti	One twinkle of an eye
Tatpara	100 trutis
Nimesha	30 tatpara
Kastha	30 nimeshas
Kala	30 kasthas
Muhurata	30 kalas	Approx 45-50 minutes
Ahoratra	30 muhurtas	Day and night
Masa	30 days	One lunar month
Paksha	15 days	One half of lunar month
Ayan	Six months or half year	Uttaryana is the day of Demigods and Daskhinayana their night
Divine year	360 years	One year of Demigods
Charna or one chatur yuga	432,000 years	Duration of earth. Length of the feet of time (kala)

            The Indian calendar are based on both sun and moon; it uses a solar year but divides it into 12 lunar months . In this calendar, season follows Sun, months follow Moon , and days follow both. To help the lunar months coincide with the solar year the practice of inserting an extra month called the Adhik Maas, arose which is inserted every 30 months ,since 60 months =62 months. They are calculated using the difference of the longitudinal angle between the position of sun and moon. Because of this, the Tithi may or may not have changed by the time the day has changed and this is why sometimes it Tithi is omitted ,and at others , two consecutive days share the same.

 This 24 hours period is also divided into an overlapping division call the” Praher”. Each 12 hour period has four Praher, each there by dividing one rotation of earth into 08 equal parts. 15 unit of Divas- Ratri forms a fortnight or a “Pakash”. The bright waxing Moon fortnight is called Shukla Paksh and the dark waning moon fortnight is known as Krishna Pakash. 

In one of the higher planets called Pitralok, one fortnight of humans corresponds two one day and a similar time period counts as their night. Therefore , the bright fortnights from the day of the Pitras and the dark ones from the night.

Two units (02) of Pakasha combine to form a month or ‘Masa’. 

Six (06) units of Masa jointly are referred as an Ayan.

The six months when sun is in the Northern hemisphere are called the Uttarayan and the corresponding six in the lower hemisphere from the Dakshinayan. This bright Northern journey of sun forms one day of Devas (demigod) and the six human months ,southern journey from their night. Thus, for the demigods, one human year is equal to one day and night period . So on the day of Makar Sankranti, the age of Devtas will change by one day and a normal human being will change by one year.

Nakshatras or Daily Stars-

           

According to Hindu mythology, there are 27 stars or nakshatras who are the daughters of either Daksha or Kashyapa, but wives of Chandra, the moon god. The moon god spends each night with one particular star, with whom he appears within the sky. According to Hindu astronomy, the sky is split into 27 divisions. During its monthly cycle, the moon passes through each division roughly one per day. According to another tradition the 27 nakshatras are related to the nine planets or navagrahas, with each planetary deity ruling over three particular stars. During the 27 day lunar cycle, the planetary gods enter into their respective star mansions and spend nine days with each of their three stars.Each nakshatra is further divided into four equal sectors called padas or steps. Multiply 4 by 27 and it equals 108. These 108 units mark the 108 steps that the earth takes through space. The names of the 27 stars along side their controlling planets are mentioned below.

60 Year Cycles- Hindus also follow a 60-year cycle during which each year is given a selected name which repeats after every 60 years.

Beginning of universe and Concept of God-The Time Division

Table showing different division of time-Cosmic time

                                                                                                                                                     

One year of Human beings  = One day of Demi-gods.

One year of Demi-god         = 360 human years
One Manavatara                  = 72 Maha-yuga
     

        One avatar of Vishnu will occur in every 1000 years of demi-god or devas.
01 avatar of Vishnu             = 1000 years of demi-god.
                                             = 1000 X 360
                                             =360000 human years
          

                              Duration of earth time is divided in the ratio of 4:3:2:1 among the four yugas. So the above ratio is also the number of the avatar in different yugas.
One Maha-yuga          =04 yugas
Satya yuga                  = 4000 demi-god years ,04 avatar
Treta yuga                  =3600 demi-god years, 03 avatar
Dwapar yuga              =2400 demi-god years , 02 avatar
Kali yuga                    =1200 demi-god years , 01 avatar

     One Manavatara  = 72 chatur yuga or Maha yugas
                                   = 14 Manus = 01 kalpa or day & night of Brahma
At the end of each kalpa, there's a period same as Kalpa of dissolution or Pralaya.
Numbers of Vishnu avatar = 14 X 72 maha yuga X 10 avatar
                                             = 10080 times avatar will occur on earth in a day of Brahma.

A manavatara is the period during which the earth is ruled by a particular Manu, the father of the man. A new manu manifests at the beginning of each manavatara to produce a new race of human beings. Each manavantara lasts for about 72 Mahayuga.In each manavatra along with Manu appears Seven seers or rishis and one Indra. The current Manu is 7th in the line and is known as Vaivasvata Manu.

 The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in the cycle of Kalpas. These four yugas, rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahma, and the same number comprise one night. Brahma lives 100 such years.”These hundred years” by earth calculation equals 311 trillion and 40 billion earth years. By this calculation, the lifetime of Brahma seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity, it is as brief as a lightning flash. In the causal ocean, there are innumerable Brahma rising and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahma and his are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux. In the material universe, not even Brahma is free from the process of birth, old age and death. After his tenure, Brahma gets death or dissolve in the supreme soul. Elevated sanyasis are promoted to the Brahma’s particular world-Brahmalok, which is that the highest planet or loka or world within the material universe and which survives all the heavenly planets in the upper strata of the planetary systems, but in due course, Brahma and every one the inhabitants of Brahmaloka are subject to death, consistent with the law of fabric nature. After 4320,000,000 solar years, when Brahma awoke to create again by the will of the lord, all the risis Marici, Angira , Atri etc. and so were created from the transcendental body of the lord. A day of Brahma’s life is 4320,000,000 solar years and for this same period, Brahma Ji rests in the dark in Yog-Nidra within the body of Garbhodakasayi Visnu, the generator of Brahma. Thus after the sleeping period of Brahma, when there is again creation by the will of the lord through the agency of Brahma, all the great risis again appears from the different parts of the transcendental body, and Narada also appears. This means that Narada appears in the same transcendental body, just as man awakes from sleep in the same body. Sri Narada is eternally free to move in all parts of the transcendental and material creation of the almighty. He appears and disappears in his own transcendental body, which is without distinction of body and soul, unlike conditioned beings.

 

There is two types of dissolution of the manifested cosmos. At the end of every 4,320,000,000 solar years, when the Brahma, the lord of one particular universe, goes to sleep, there is one annihilation. At the end of Lord Brahma’s life, there is the complete annihilation of the entire universe, and in both the periods, both the material energy called the Maha-tattva and the marginal energy called the Jiva-tattva merges in the supreme soul. The beings remain asleep within the body of the lord until there is another creation of the material world, and that is the way of creation, maintenance and annihilation of the material manifestation. In the first dissolution, all the lower planetary systems or lower lokas are destroyed. In the second dissolution, all the planetary systems, including the heavenly systems are dissolved and enter into the body of Garbhodakasayi Vishnu, who lives in the Garbhodaka ocean.

Lord Shiva- After the lifetime of Brahma (100 Brama years) the entire cosmos gets merged into Lord Vishnu and he goes for his Yog-Nidra. Lord Shiva dances for 100 Brahma years, destroying everything that is left. After 100 Brahma years, Lord Vishnu wakes up and start creating a new Brahma from his navel. Then Lord Shiva goes into meditation.

Lord Vishnu- He goes into Yog-Nidra after the lifetime of Brahma, he wakes up after 100 Brahma years from Yog-Nidra and creates another Brahma. Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva, with their consorts, are eternal.

 

According to some sects age of Vishnu Ji is seven-time that of Brahma. Shiv Ji's age is seven times that of Vishnu. As there are Trinity for every universe. So these trinity merges in the Supreme soul after term.

Beginning of universe and Concept of God-The Time (Kala)

The concept of Time or Kala

        Time is known as Kala. Kala means both time and death. Death is a limiting factor in human life. Kala because the god of death determines how long an individual should live upon the world , so death and time are associated together. An individual’s time upon Earth begins together with his |along with his"> together with his birth and ends with his death. However, for the Soul,there is no death. It has no time because it is without a beginning and an and. There is the concept of space and time. The duration of time changes from Loka to Loka ( world to world) and that our time was not absolute. There is clearly distinguished between the cosmic time of the gods and earthly time. God, demigods have longer and more intense lives. They were subject to a different time frame and had their periods of activity and rest. These constitute their days and nights when the supreme soul awakes. He would expand outwardly and manifests his objective worlds and when it had been a time for rest, he would withdraw into himself and brings the planet and therefore the entire creation to a temporary halt.

         

The concept of time is best on our own experience of time as recurring and predictable phenomena measurable in terms of the unit such as days and nights, months or years. Time is a facet of this illusory world and it exists as long as we are subject to the method of becoming or change. Time is cyclic. As it is based on our own experience of time in weeks, months, years, season and yugas. so time is a never-ending cycle, with is both repetitive and exhaustive. In a sense it is limited. In another it is eternal. From a spiritual perspective, time exist when we are in a state of duality but disappear when we enter into the state of Unity or Samadhi.

   

        Each time cycle has three-component, Srishti, Sthithi and Laya. Srishti means creation, Sthithi means continuation and Laya means dissolution. Each time cycles begins with creation, continues for a certain duration of time and then dissolves into nothingness or Supreme soul. And after the certain break, the cycles begin all over again. These three aspects of time are under the control of the Trinity. we can see the same pattern in the day and our life too. Each day is created in the early hours, continues throughout the day and then finally dissolves into darkness. And again day start after a break known as night. Same in our life also, as birth, a continuation of life ( childhood adulthood and old age) and then death.